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Transactions presented at 57th Symposium in Iceland
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Transactions presented at the 58th Symposium in OKC
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Transactions presented at the 59th Symposium in London, UK
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1960-2002 SPWLA Journals (Log Analyst and Petrophysics) (sin
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As log analysts you make a major contribution to the finding and producing effort in the petroleum industry. And I am delighted to have been chosen to appear at your first annual meeting. The privilege to attend this gathering should be an inspiration to each participant. Your "Society of Professional Well Log Analysts" is long overdue. The need for such an organization has existed for many years. Any medium that can contribute to the improvement in your endeavors is well worth... Details
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The fundamental nuclear physics principles required for a thorough understanding of gamma spectral logging are discussed in terms which should be especially helpful to persons with limited experience inn nuclear techniques. After a brief discussion of radioactivity, a description of the various nuclear particles is give which leads to the discussion of artificial and accelerator produced neutron sources. The interaction of neutrons in materials by elastic and inelastic scattering and ... Details
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A new petroleum exploration tool is described. It consists of interpreting indicated formation water salinities and calculated formation hydrocarbon shows, as formation parameters, to locate hydrocarbon productive reservoir traps. These formation parameters are obtained by well log evaluation in control wells of an exploration area. Older wells within the area which were logged using only an Electric Log can and should be used to supply these parameters, in addition to wells logged... Details
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Flowing well logging operations are used to solve production problems and to evaluate production conditions which exist in dynamic form. In well workovers, flowing neutron and flowing fluid density logs are used to locate gas/oil contracts and zones of water entry. Field example are presented to illustrate location of gas/oil contacts, gas coning and water entry. Borehole flow profiling techniques are used to evaluate completion methods, stimulation treatments, secondary recovery... Details
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Porosity values of reservoir rocks may be obtained directly by measurements on core samples, or may be calculated indirectly from data provided by various types of downhole logs. Calculation of porosity values by the indirect methods requires the use of certain factors which are characteristic of the formation and its continued fluids. These factors can be determined best by "calibration" of the log data with directly measured porosity data. The direct methods most commonly used for... Details
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Preliminary field applications indicate the Proximity log gives much more accurate porosities than do Microlaterologs where thick mud cakes occur. It investigates deeper than other "Rxo" devices therefore requires knowledge of ROS, z, and Rmf/Rz. On appropriate charts Proximity log points fall predominantly between lines having the equations: z = (1/F) and z = (1/F)1/1. 05 with an average line; z = (1/F)1/1. 41 tentatively indicating a relationship between z and formation factor. Z... Details
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Where operational considerations do not require on-location analysis a hydrocarbon log may be obtained from a laboratory measurement of gas components in small drilling mud samples. By collecting these samples at regular intervals, and submitting for analysis only those from zones of particular interest, the well may be selectively logged. Thus it is possible to log only those wells or intervals of wells after it is apparent more evaluation information is desirable. After a section... Details
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Data from logs which are commonly employed in salt mud systems can be used to determine formation permeability. An empirical correlation of apparent residual oil saturations computed from well log data and permeabilities from whole core analyses has been useful in evaluating San Andres formations in West Texas. A simple method for determining formation permeability from well log data is of considerable assistance in evaluating the producing potential of a well or in making reservoir... Details
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The Glick Field, Kiowa County, Kansas is one of several fields forming an arc around the southern end of the Central Kansas Uplift which produce from the so-called Mississippian "Chat". The "chat" (an old oil field term for tripolitic chert) varies in characteristics from field to field in this group but is remarkable in the Click Field for its high porosity, which ranges from 26 to 51 per cent. The chert, because of its porosity, most of which is not visible under the usual means of ... Details
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Empirical curves which related weighted core porosity and formation velocity or transit time have been developed for the relatively shale free Morrow sand in western Oklahoma. The effect of fluid and residual gas in the invaded zone has been investigated and is considered in the empirical curves. The comparison of formation resistivity and transit time using specially designed graph paper in many instances provides a rapid method of formation evaluation. Some examples showing the... Details
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Field examples are presented from various operating areas which demonstrate the capability of the nuclear magnetism log to operate under most drilling and formation conditions. On the basis of these examples, it is shown that (1) the free fluid index of NML provides a superior means of reservoir rock definition, yields a measure of formation permeability and productivity, and is an excellent correlation tool and (2) hydrocarbon and water can be differentiated with good reliability.... Details
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The study of patterns of closely spaced dip computations throughout the length of continuous dipmeter surveys is producing greatly increased geological information in Mississippi wells. Structural dip (or regional dip if no structure is present) is the basic dip shown by the dipmeter. Superimposed on the basic dip are the dips resulting from faults unconformities, and local depositional features. These are generally greater than structural dips and in random directions. Faults are... Details
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The object of this research was to develop a simplified technique of analyzing electrical logs for the Gulf Coast Area. The method developed in this research permits obtaining a reliable porosity and water saturation value for the uncontaminated Bone of a sandstone formation with porosities in excess of 18 per cent. These values may be calculated from the information recorded on the self potential curve and the 16 and 64 inch normal resistivity curves of the standard electrical... Details
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The science of well logging, begun by Conrad Schlumberger in 1927 as an application of his work on resistivity measurements of the earth in surface exploration, has advanced further during the intervening thirty-three years than even its creator could have imagined. Measurement of electrical properties with normal and lateral resistivity curves, micro-devices, focused devices, dipmeters, conductive and inductive methods; measurement of radioactive properties both inherent and as a... Details
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Quantitative interpretation of well logs in fractured and vuggy reservoirs require specialized techniques as the conventional interpretation methods give only water saturations of the total reservoir rock. This is not a sufficient indication of the fluids productivity to be expected. A specialized interpretation technique for the determination of the initial water-cut in fractured and vuggy reservoirs is proposed. The results of calculations using this method are compared to actual... Details
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New logging programs have been designed for use in holes drilled with cable tools or air-drilled with rotary rigs. The Gamma-Ray Log is generally very useful for correlation. Gamma-Gamma Density, Induction, and Neutron Logs provide basic information to permit evaluation of the gas or oil in place. The techniques for quantitative interpretation involve new ways of interrelating data from the basic logs, taking into account the response of each to hydrocarbons. The specific logging... Details
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The technique used by one service company to detect the presence of chlorine in borehole environments by nuclear spectroscopy methods is presented. Particular emphasis is placed on borehole conditions such as water salinity, porosity, invasion, and cement thickness that influence the results obtainable. From an understanding of the effect of these factors on log response the limitations quantitative evaluation of absolute chlorine concentrations of formation fluids is made evident. A ... Details
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Well logs are used extensively for formation evaluation purposes when other data is not readily available. In using the classical Archie equation (Reference 1), it is necessary to have an accurate value of the saturation exponent if a reasonable estimate of the connate water saturation is to be obtained. By correlating capillary pressure data and log-derived connate water saturations from the same formations, it is possible to obtain a more accurate value of the saturation exponent.... Details
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From calculations of the intensity of unscattered gamma rays inside cylindrical self-absorbing sources curves have been developed which aid in the application of gamma-ray spectrometric techniques to borehole logging. Specifically, the curves provide factors which can be used to normalize spectral data to a standard set of borehole and formation
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A temperature log in a producing gas well provides information which in favorable cases allows determinations to be made of volumetric flow rates from any number of producing horizons. It is shown how the volumetric flow rate is related to a quantity delta, ?, which can be obtained from the temperature log itself. With the aid of illustrations several different graphical methods for determining ? are reviewed. The significance of laminar and turbulent flow in the calculation of... Details
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